Difference Between Analog and Digital Signals

 

Basis for Comparison	Analog Signal	Digital Signal
Nature	Continuous with time.	Discrete sets at specific time.
Type of Waveform	Sinusoidal waves	Square waves
Representation
Information carried	Continuous range of values.	Discrete value i.e., 0 and 1.
Noise Susceptibility	More	Comparatively less
Processing offered	Easy	Quite complex
Signal polarity	Positive as well as negative	Only positive
Signal encryption	Not required	Required
Bandwidth	Low	Comparatively high
Power required for transmission	More	Less in comparison to analog signal
Rate of data transmission	Slow	Quite fast
Parameters associated	Amplitude, frequency, phase, etc.	Bit rate, bit interval, etc.
Accuracy of information	More	Comparatively less
Examples	Human voice, vision.	Computer data transmission and reception, transmission of signals through cables like telephone.

Difference Between Synchronous and Asynchronous Counter

 

Basis for Comparison	Synchronous Counter	Asynchronous Counter
Also called	Parallel Counter	Serial Counter
Principle of operation	Each flip flop is triggered with same clock signal at the same time.	Each flip flop is triggered with different clock signal at different instant of time.
Decoding errors	Not produced	Produced
Operating speed	Fast	Comparatively slow
Design	Complex	Simple
Delay in signal propagation	Very Low	Comparatively high
Count sequence	Not Fixed	Fixed
Response to clock signal	Each flip-flop changes its state simultaneously.	There is no simultaneous change in the state of all flip flops with change in clock input.
Overall settling time	Maximum settling time out of the settling time of each flip flop in the configuration.	Summation of settling time of each individual flip-flop.
Flip-flop direct interconnection	Not Exist	Exist
Applications	In moving machine controlling, alarms clocks, multiplexing circuits, etc.	In ring and johnson counters, frequency dividers, etc.

Advantages and Disadvantages of Outdoor Substation

 Advantages of Outdoor Substation

The outdoor substations have the following main advantages. These are

All the equipment in the outdoor substations is within view, and therefore fault location is easier.

The expansion of the installation is easier in the outdoor substations.

The time requires in the construction of such substations is lesser.

The smaller amount of building material like steel, concrete is required.

The construction work required is comparatively less, and the cost of the switchgear installation is also very low.

Repairing work is easy, and proper space is provided between the apparatus so that the fault occur at one point will not be carried over to another point.

Disadvantages of Outdoor Substation

More space is required for the outdoor substations.

Protection devices are required to be installed for the protection against lightning surges.

The length of the control cables increases which increase the cost of the substation.

Equipment designed for outdoor substation are more costly because outdoor door substation equipment required additional protection from the dirt and dust.

In spite of the disadvantage, outdoor substations are very widely used in the power system.