VOLTAGE |
66KV |
132KV |
220KV |
400KV |
66KV | 2.4 Mtr | 3 Mtr | 4.5 Mtr | 5.4 Mtr |
132KV | 3 Mtr | 3 Mtr | 4.5 Mtr | 5.4 Mtr |
220KV | 4.5 Mtr | 4.5 Mtr | 4.5 Mtr | 5.4 Mtr |
440KV | 4.5 Mtr | 5.4 Mtr | 5.4 Mtr | 5.4 Mtr |
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Minimum Clearances between Lines crossing each other
ELECTRICAL GLOSSARY
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POWER
Electric power definition
The electric power P is equal to the energy consumption E divided by the consumption time t:
P is the electric power in watt (W).
E is the energy consumption in joule (J).
t is the time in seconds (s).
Example
Find the electric power of an electrical circuit that consumes 120 joules for 20 seconds.
Solution:
E = 120J
t = 20s
P = E / t = 120J / 20s = 6W
Electric power calculation
P = V ⋅ I
or
P = I 2 ⋅ R
or
P = V 2 / R
P is the electric power in watt (W).
V is the voltage in volts (V).
I is the current in amps (A).
R is the resistance in ohms (Ω).
Power of AC circuits
The formulas are for single-phase AC power.
For 3 phase AC power:
When line to line voltage (VL-L) is used in the formula, multiply the single phase power by square root of 3 (√3=1.73).
When the line to zero voltage (VL-0) is used in the formula, multiply the single-phase power by 3.
Real power
Real or true power is the power that is used to do the work on the load.
P = Vrms Irms cos φ
P is the real power in watts [W]
Vrms is the rms voltage = Vpeak/√2 in Volts [V]
Irms is the rms current = Ipeak/√2 in Amperes [A]
φ is the impedance phase angle = phase difference between voltage and current.
Reactive power
Reactive power is the power that is wasted and not used to do work on the load.
Q = Vrms Irms sin φ
Q is the reactive power in volt-ampere-reactive [VAR]
Vrms is the rms voltage = Vpeak/√2 in Volts [V]
Irms is the rms current = Ipeak/√2 in Amperes [A]
φ is the impedance phase angle = phase difference between voltage and current.
Apparent power
The apparent power is the power that is supplied to the circuit.
S = Vrms Irms
S is the apparent power in Volt-amper [VA]
Vrms is the rms voltage = Vpeak/√2 in Volts [V]
Irms is the rms current = Ipeak/√2 in Amperes [A]
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Electric_load_animation_2.gif/130px-Electric_load_animation_2.gif)
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Electric_power_source_animation_2.gif/130px-Electric_power_source_animation_2.gif)
Real / reactive / apparent powers relation
The real power P and reactive power Q give together the apparent power S:
P2 + Q2 = S2
P is the real power in watts [W]
Q is the reactive power in volt-ampere-reactive [VAR]
S is the apparent power in Volt-amper [VA]
WHAT IS IP CODE ?
IP Code, or Ingress Protection Code[1], IEC standard 60529, sometimes interpreted as International Protection Code, classifies and rates the degree of protection provided by mechanical casings and electrical enclosures against intrusion, dust, accidental contact, and water. It is published by the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC). The equivalent European standard is EN 60529.
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Letter | Meaning |
---|---|
A | Back of hand |
B | Finger |
C | Tool |
D | Wire |
Letter | Meaning |
---|---|
H | High voltage apparatus |
M | Motion during water test |
S | Stationary during water test |
W | Weather conditions |
NEMA enclosure[9] | IP Code |
---|---|
1 | IP20 |
2 | IP22 |
3, 3X, 3S, 3SX | IP55 |
3R, 3RX | IP24 |
4, 4X | IP66, IP65 |
5 | IP53 |
6 | IP67 |
6P | IP68 |
12, 12K, 13 | IP54 |
INDUSTRIAL SWITCHES
Rotary Cam Switch
Isolator Switches
Changeover Switches
Multistep Switches
Instrumentation Selector Switches
Motor Control Switches
Control Switches
Breaker Control Switch
L.T.Control Switch
Micro Switch
Led Indicating Lamps
Toggle Switch
Rotary Switch
Current Transformers
CHANGEOVER SWITCH
A changeover switch is designed to transfer a house (or business) electricity from the commercial power grid to a local generator when n outage occurs. Also known as “transfer switches,” they connect directly to the generator, commercial power supply or line, and the house.
The automatic changeover is installed where the main supply is of three-phase but the generator is either single-phase or three-phase. ... Automatic changeover shifts to the generator load automatically after the absence of all three phases of mains and when the generator is started.
Install a Changeover switch (about 63-100A depends on the load) near the main distribution board in the home. Connect the main power supply (Line and Neutral) as in coming to the first upper slots of Changeover Switch as shown in fig. Connect a 6 AWG (7/064″ or 16mm2)” cable wire to the lower two slots of the Changeover switch.
Changeover Switch. Automatic Transfer Switch. Onload Changeover Switches. Bypass Switch. Double Power Automatic Transfer Switches. Low Voltage Transfer Switches. Low Voltage Switches.
Changeover switch finds wide applications in industries as well as in domestic areas especially in Individual Bungalow(IB) for use in low voltage distribution circuits. Changeover switches are used to shift from one source of supply to another source and vice versa. The changeover switch comes in 2P and 4P versions, for single and three-phase applications respectively. It has three positions ( I-O-II) with center-off. They are switch disconnectors with independent manual operation, capable of making, carrying, and breaking currents under normal circuit conditions
![](https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-uDHPzbMRKbU/X1PaX7qdmQI/AAAAAAAAB4Q/1b-Uooka40MrsxXWhn8hMdXNWObmg7h1wCLcBGAsYHQ/s16000/1.png)
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![](https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-wAYsZccYR4c/X1PaYNHVA5I/AAAAAAAAB4U/jxThtW30onsT-Y6SHb3JMAH6GPGfi1YUwCLcBGAsYHQ/w625-h268/3.png)
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